If you notice carefully, whenever a sun-synchronous satellite is above, say, New York, the solar time and illumination in NYC will almost always be constant. Welcome! The results show that, despite being highly elliptical orbits, the second order expansion catches extremely well the behavior. Satellites placed in Molniya orbits have been used for television broadcasting, telecommunications, military communications, relaying, weather monitoring, early-warning systems and some classified purposes. Until 1983 the Molniya 3 constellation consisted of only four satellites which were essentially co-located with four Molniya 1 satellites.

We never post on your behalf This means that a satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit will pass any given location on Earth at the same local solar time.Note that this does not mean that the satellite will pass through that location every day, but whenever it does, the solar time will be the same. The role of chaos in the timespan considered is also addressed. It will pass through dark regions too.The advantage of such an orbit is constant surface illumination angles. The aim of this work is to analyze the orbital evolution of the mean eccentricity given by the Two-Line Elements (TLE) set of the Molniya satellites constellation. For permanent coverage, each satellite of the three satellite constellation is active for about 8 hours centered around the apogee. For the original Molniya orbit, the apogees were placed over Russia and North America, but by changing the The orbits of the three spacecraft should then have the same orbital parameters, but different right ascensions of the ascending nodes, with their passes over the apogees separated by 7.97 hours.Figure 4: A constellation of three Molniya spacecraft providing service for the Northern hemisphere. Subsequently, it is highly eccentric (thin ellipse) and has a perigee of just 400km and an apogee of 40000km. In the eight-hour period centered at the apogee passage, the longitudinal plane is almost fixed, the longitude of the satellite varies by only ±2.7°. Later, Molniya-3 spacecraft replaced the second generation of vehicles with the number of operational satellites being increased to eight to support the YeSSS unified communications system. These orbits are also almost polar and slightly retrograde.As we have seen in earlier posts, polar regions are a bit tricky to cover. With an apogee altitude as high as 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) and an apogee sub-satellite point of 63.4 degrees north, it spends a considerable portion of its orbit with excellent visibility in the northern hemisphere, from Russia as well as from northern Europe, Greenland and Canada.While satellites in Molniya orbits require considerably less launch energy than those in geostationary orbits (especially launching from high latitudes),Similar orbits with an argument of perigee of 90° could allow high-latitude coverage in the southern hemisphere. constellation was the “Molniya” satellite. Molniya (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] (listen), "Lightning") were military communications satellites used by the Soviet Union. However, the antennas on land need require steerable antennas to keep sight of the satellites. Its eccentricity is 0.75, and it has an orbit inclination of 65 degrees. Figure 5: Illumination zones (at least 10° elevation) from a Molniya orbit. They’re different and have very specific applications. The satellites were placed into highly eccentric elliptical orbits known as Molniya orbits, characterised by an inclination of +63.4 degrees and a period of around 12 hours. constellations on elliptical orbits, starting. © The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System It has an orbital period of 12 hours. The views of the Earth from these three points are displayed in figures 6–11. The Molniya orbit was discovered by Soviet scientists in the 1960s as a high-The succeeding series, the Molniya-2, provided both military and civilian broadcasting and was used to create the A satellite in a Molniya orbit is better suited to communications in these regions, because it looks more directly down on them during large portions of its orbit. Like Meridian, Ellips satellites would be deployed in highly elliptical orbits (a.k.a. " 1 Characteristic feature for such. The Molniya orbit was inclined at 63.4 degrees to the equator and semi-synchronous making a complete revolution of the Earth every 12 hours synchronised with the Earth's rotation.

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