[7], Source: United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin[8]. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Roosevelt's decision to break the precedent set by George Washington was made in July 1940, as the United States neared its entry into World War II. Considered the best artist in the city, he was the obvious choice for Washington's first presidential portrait. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Washington appeared on all 69 ballots, while nearly half the voters cast their second vote for John Adams, who was duly elected vice president. The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. The electors were split on their second choice: Adams received 77 votes to Clinton's 50, enough to secure a second-place finish behind Washington and the vice presidency. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. Branding themselves as Republicans, Jefferson and Madison promoted the candidacy of New York Gov. In 1792, Washington received all 132 electoral votes, winning each of the fifteen states. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee. ", D. Jason BerggrenGeorgia Southwestern State University. A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps, https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1789, George Washington's Mount Vernon - Presidential Election of 1789, Maps of World - U.S. Presidential Election 1789, Gilbert Stuart: portrait of George Washington, United States presidential election of 1792. (b) Pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. Advertisement. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. But, all of the 64 electors unanimously agreed on George Washington as their first pick. This is largely ceremonial: Because electors nearly always vote with their party, presidential elections are essentially decided on Election Day. Almost seven years later, there is still no evidence. McDonald, Forrest. Following the ratification of the Constitution by the necessary nine states in July of 1788, Congress set January 7 of the following year as the date by which states were required to choose electors. (Two electors from Maryland and two from Virginia neglected to vote; the New York State Legislature was deadlocked and no electors were appointed from that state.) 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Corrections? North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York abstained from the process; the former two states had not ratified the Constitution, and the latter was in the midst of an internecine legislative conflict. Indeed, that alone explains his willingness to endure eight years in the vice presidency, an office devoid of power. When Washington, in his Farewell Address, published in September 1796, announced his intention to . New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts. With a hand on the Bible, a "sacred volume" borrowed from a local Masonic lodge and subsequently known as the "George Washington Inaugural Bible," he said, "I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. READ MORE: Why Was the Electoral College Created? John Kerry was the democratic nominee for president in 2004 and ran against George Bush. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Cooper, William J., Jr. Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. On Feb. 4, 1789, electors convened in 10 states to cast their ballots. John Adams. . Historian Edward J. Larsen discusses Washington's first inauguration in this video from Mount Vernon on Vimeo. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982. George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. The results of the 1789 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Learn more abouthow George Washington shaped the role and function of the President of the United States. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. United States presidential election, 1792, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14, 179293 United States House of Representatives elections, List of 1792 United States presidential electors, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "1792 President of the United States, Electoral College", "A New Nation Votes - VA US President Race - Nov 00, 1792", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825, Presidential Election of 1792: A Resource Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1792_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141036351, state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, each elector appointed by the state legislature, two Congressional districts chose five electors each; the remaining two districts chose three electors, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters in Congressional district, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote from a Congressional district, remaining electors would be appointed by the state legislature, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters statewide, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote, runoff is held between the top 2, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14. United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by County and State. Of these, complete returns from Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania survive; surviving returns from Virginia are incomplete, and popular vote records from Kentucky are not known to exist. The states chose 135 electors, out of whom 132 cast ballots. : U of Connecticut, n.d, 1999. The Campaign and Election of 1796: Throughout Washington's presidency, Vice President Adams regarded himself as the heir apparent. By then, Anderson was in the twilight of a career that was equal parts acclaimed and hamstrung by racism. John Adams. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. John Adams and George Clinton both played a part in each election. A month later, on February 4,George Washington was elected president by state electors and sworn into office on April 30, 1789. All Rights Reserved. Five candidates split the remaining seven votes. So, Washington and Adams held on to their roles for the second term. Although James Degnan went on the radio to plead for his daughters safety, the kidnapper never made any contact or read more, Just six days after the fall of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba, U.S. officials recognize the new provisional government of the island nation. Adams lost all of the electoral votes of Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Georgia. On January 7, 1927, the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team travels 48 miles west from Chicago to play their first game in Hinckley, Illinois. As the only true national, interregional hero, Washington--the inevitable president in 1789--had become the indispensable president. Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes. Many of these names are no longer widely known following their loss and lack of later political achievement. He came across the Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white, and blue. Spend the day with us! In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. ", D. Jason BerggrenGeorgia Southwestern State University. There were 12 names on the ballot which is a lot by current standards where we are used to our two-party system and maybe some independents. Vote totals for 13 of 76 Virginia counties exist.[9]. The result is interesting, considering Clintons poor showing in the first presidential election. The retired general said that he had "no wish which aspires beyond the humble and happy lot of living and dying a private citizen" at his Mount Vernon farm. Need help with homework? National Archives and Records Administration. Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. Her father found a note on the floor asking for a $20,000 ransom. President before election. Spend the day with us! 12 other men were on the ballot for that first election in 1789. Washington was elected unanimously, receiving one vote from every elector. As expected, Washington received the maximum of 132 electoral votes and was therefore reelected as president. Other candidates receiving multiple electoral votes were John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), John Rutledge (6), John Hancock (4), and George Clinton (3). 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. [17][18], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. In truth, the country held a broad consensus. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? In order to win the presidency, a candidate needs a majority of 270 electoral votes out of a possible 538. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. James Madison later called the rambling first draft a "strange production". Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". 1st quadrennial U.S. presidential election, 17881789 United States presidential election, New York had ratified the Constitution but its, See "Alternative methods for choosing electors" under, "17881789 United States presidential election", Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Archives and Records Administration, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", 178889 United States House of Representatives elections, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "A Saturday Session in the First Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", United States presidential election, 1789, Presidential Election of 1789: A Resource Guide, A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 17871825, "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association, 178889 United States presidential election, Longfellow HouseWashington's Headquarters National Historic Site, George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, Washington and Jefferson National Forests, WashingtonRochambeau Revolutionary Route, Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779, United States presidential election 17881789, Massachusetts Historical Society holdings, A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace, Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams, elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17881789_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141583738, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, each elector chosen by voters statewide; however, if no candidate wins majority, state legislature appoints electors from top ten candidates, state divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, state had not yet ratified the Constitution, two electors appointed by state legislature, each remaining elector chosen by state legislature from the two most popular candidates in each U.S. House district. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. All of his notes in this volume appear alongside the text of the Constitution, where he drew neat brackets to highlight passages of particular interest. However, some advisers and fellow statesmen argued that the volatile political climatemarked not only by the ongoing conflict between Great Britain and France but also by a growing internal dispute between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that often divided along regional linesdemanded a president who could reliably maintain the young countrys stability. "I walk on untrodden ground," was a frequent comment he made in the days leading up to his first inauguration. On the evening of January 7, 1955, the curtain at the Metropolitan Opera in New York rises to reveal Marian Anderson, the first African American to perform with the Met. Historically, over 99 percent of all electors have cast their ballots in line with the voters. 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