The campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the Japanese assault on Rabaul on 23 January 1942. No. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). 126 is Hoko: The Spy-Hostage System of Group Control-The Clue to Japanese Psychology. On April 29, 1944, Research Report No. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Land-based aircraft of the Allied air forces softened up the Hollandia area, destroying more than 300 enemy aircraft during the weeks preceding the attack. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. Free shipping for many products! Also, Yamamoto accepted at face value his fliers' over-optimistic reports of damage: they reported a score of one cruiser, two destroyers and 25 transports, as well as 175 Allied planes, a figure that should certainly have aroused some skepticism. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. I Corps Commanding General was informed in detail of a major enemy operation involving several divisions and embracing the entire Corps front from Rosario to Puncan. [34][35] During the same period, American air and naval forces sank many of the Japanese ships which were attempting to transport reinforcements to the Hollandia and Wewak areas; these attacks were guided by intelligence gained from breaking the Japanese codes. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. Before the end of May 1944 the 41st Infantry Division moved westward from Hollandia and made a landing on the little island of Biak. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. To help ensure soldiers turned in any souvenirs of intelligence interest, the CIC established a souvenir grab bag. This contained items of no intelligence value, such as Japanese postcards, stationery, pictures, and clothing, and any soldier who handed over a souvenir needed for intelligence analysis was allowed to take an item from the grab bag in exchange. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. This plan was eventually reversed in favor of a counterattack on U.S. forces around Aitape. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. [50], Three transports were assigned to the operation, Westralia, Gunston Hall and Ganymede. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. [13] Eventually it would grow to over 2,500 personnel, some of who served with Advanced Echelons and combat units. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. I and II were published on March 19, 1945 and June 23, 1945, respectively. Late in the summer, Lieut. [61] U.S. forces undertook mopping up operations in the area until 6 June. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. In response, on 8 March General Douglas MacArthur sought approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bring forward the previously planned landings at Hollandia to 15 April. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. Wrecked Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the month (80-G-325109). Seven LSTs were also assigned. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! Origins. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. hbspt.enqueueForm({ The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. For the military souveniring problem that first began at Guadalcanal see The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942., [11] See From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication.. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. Over the course of an hour, this feature, dubbed Pancake Hill, was captured with only minimal opposition. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. The experience of the green US 32nd Infantry Division, just out of training camp and utterly unschooled in jungle warfare, was nearly disastrous. [59], Operation Reckless was an unqualified success, as were the landings around Aitape under the guise of Operation Persecution. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. The work contains a complete study on the collection, translation, and processing of captured documents. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. The headland was formed by the Cyclops Mountains, a mountain ridge rising steeply to 7,000 feet (2,100m) and was backed by Lake Sentani, extending 15 miles (24km) east to west. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. They totaled 104 in number. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. The Allied Air Forces acted promptly on this information and sank both Japanese submarines and supply barges. Current Translation No. [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. While it was beyond MacArthur's capabilities to deny Buna to the Japanese, the same could not be said of Milne Bay, which was easily accessible by Allied naval forces. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. In early June, US Army engineers, Australian infantry and an anti-aircraft battery were landed near the Lever Brothers coconut plantation at Gili Gili, and work was begun on an airfield. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. They included: No. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. The three supporting U.S. cruisers and destroyers began their bombardment around 06:00, concentrating on targets around the entrance to Jautefa Bay and Hollandia. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. [citation needed]. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. Most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces, and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by Allied naval forces. 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